It's the video card BIOS programming and it's voltage regulation components that dictate how much power the card is
allowed to draw from both the PCIe slot and any 6-pin/8-pin supplemental power connectors.
Specifically, PCI-SIG (industry standard) specs dictate that
up to 75W (6.25A) can be drawn through a PCIe slot,
up to 75W (6.25A) can be drawn through a 6-pin supplemental power connector, and
up to 150W (12.5A) can be drawn through an 8-pin supplemental power connector, at 12V..Your video card likely failed for some reason and caused that by allowing too much current (Amps) to be drawn through the connectors and the PSU happily obliged, because it could.
A single-rail PSU like an 850 GQ has no per-rail Over Current Protection which is great for stability, but it's a double-edged sword..A multi-rail PSU would have
probably tripped the Over Current Protection before that damage occurred, that's what OCP is supposed to do..Intel writes PSU rules in their Power Supply Design Guides that should be adhered to and had done away with the multi-rail requirement some years ago due to more modern hardware demanding more power and hardware manufacturer outcry.
Long story short = A PSU will supply only what it's asked to supply, up to a point, by the hardware, even faulty hardware..Almost certainly not the fault of the PSU.
Power Supply Design Guides (and other stuff, bottom of page)
Power Supply 101: A Reference Of Specifications (PCI Express Auxiliary Graphics Power Connectors)
Debunking Power Supply Myths (Connectors and the 12V Rail Issue)