1) Domain Join Services
You can take your PC/laptop, and connect it to your work domain controller, or if you're a weirdo that's running a DC on a home lan (who, me?). Win Home editions can't join a domain.

2) BitLocker Drive Encryption
Using a TPM chip or USB stick, you can encrypt your drives. Home doesn't offer this option

 
3) Remote Access Services
You can use remote desktop/RDP to connect to the machine. Home still supports Remote Assistance connections, but someone must be at the machine to accept the connection. If you need remote desktop access on a Win Home machine, you'll need to use VNC or another third-party solution

4) Group Policy editor
Another part of the Windows domain controller bits. While you can use it to change settings on a local machine without a DC, it's a little beyond what any Home user would need. Since you can't join Win Home to a DC, you can't use any of the DC's Group Policy settings anyway.

5) Windows Update for Business:  <----  This one is self explanatory.        ;) 

In previous versions Home supported only one physical processor whereas pro supported two processors. I do not know if this is still the case.